Objectives: Specificity IMPAIRMENT is a MEMORY alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity IMPAIRMENT. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working MEMORY test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical MEMORY interview to indicate whether working MEMORY capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict MEMORY specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and MEMORY specificity.  Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of MEMORY specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working MEMORY capacity can predict MEMORY specificity (r=0.216, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and MEMORY specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in MEMORY IMPAIRMENTs. These IMPAIRMENTs are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working MEMORY capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict MEMORY specificity. Therefore, MEMORY capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination.

There are two approaches for simulating MEMORY as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human MEMORY has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the verbal MEMORY and working MEMORY IMPAIRMENT in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia.Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive deficits in siblings of the patients with schizophrenia and control group. A total of 35 unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia were selected from the relatives of the patients referred to Shoosh clinic and 35 matched healthy controls were selected from the staff of the same clinic. This sample was chosen accessible. Then, the subjects completed Verbal Paired Association Test, Logical MEMORY Test, Wechsler MEMORY Scale-Revised, and N-back working MEMORY Test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, t test, and Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.Results: The results indicated that there were significant differences between the siblings of the patients with schizophrenia and control group with respect to the cognitive functions (P<0.05) Siblings of the patients with schizophrenia performed low in both verbal and working MEMORY compared to the control group.Conclusion: In this study, our results supported this hypothesis that verbal and working MEMORY IMPAIRMENT could be considered endophenotype of schizophrenia.